Outline the Learning Theory of Attachments free essay sample

Diagram the learning hypothesis clarification of connections. The learning hypothesis suggests that connection practices are found out through the impersonation of the connection figures meaning they are not natural. One clarification of how this happens is through Classical Conditioning. In the Learning Theory Classical Conditioning is the shaping of a connection through affiliation. The Learning Theory expresses that when a child is conceived they normally need food. At the point when the mother takes care of the child it naturally relates the food which is the essential fortifies with its mom who is the optional strengthens. Subsequently a connection is framed with the mother since she is giving what the child needs most. the mother taking care of the infant when the infant cries will imply that the infant discovers that crying will get them food which at that point fulfills the infant, the food is the unconditioned improvement and the joy from the kid is the unconditioned reaction the essential parental figure is the unbiased upgrade, after some time the child will connect the mother with food and the nearness of simply the mother will satisfy the infant, the mother is the molded boost and the infant being glad to see the mother is the adapted reaction. We will compose a custom exposition test on Layout the Learning Theory of Attachments or then again any comparative point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Another clarification of how connections are found out as indicated by the Learning Theory is through Operant Conditioning. Operant Conditioning includes fortification or a compensation to keep up a relationship. Dollard and Miller expressed that all children are brought into the world with a need to decrease sentiments of craving. At the point when the mother takes care of the infant it goes about as an uplifting feedback or an award on the conduct of the child. The prize that the child gets is a positive prize and along these lines the infant is probably going to rehash a similar conduct to incite a similar reaction from the mother. This fortifies the connection bond among mother and kid since she is the one giving the food. Dollard Miller (1950) utilized the term auxiliary drive theory to depict the procedures of learning a connection through operant and old style molding. Optional drive theory clarifies how essential drives which are basic for endurance, for example, eating when hungry, become related with auxiliary drives, for example, enthusiastic closeness. They stretched out the hypothesis to clarify that connection is a two way process that the parental figure should likewise learn, and this happens through negative support when the guardian feels joy on the grounds that the newborn child is not, at this point upset.

Oral traditions Essay

Numerous old researchers trusted Africa had no history before imperialism on the grounds that there was no recorded proof. Educator A.P. Newton, who was a recognized British student of history in the mid twentieth century, accepted that there was no African history in light of the fact that a large portion of the African culture was unskilled before the European interruption. ‘History’, he stated, ‘only starts when men take to writing.’ He, just as other people who had a similar feeling, neglected to understand that African people group existed some time before imperialism thus had their own history, despite the fact that it had not been placed into composing at that point. Oral conventions have played and keep on assuming significant jobs throughout the entire existence of Africa just as its present. Tunes, legends, strange notions, and so forth are only a portion of the things that have been passed from age to age orally. We see the proof of a portion of t hese notions in J.P. Clark’s _Abiku_ just as Wole Soyinka’s _Abiku_. The two sonnets depend on conventional notions and it is obvious from the title, _Abiku_, which is a word from the Yoruba language of Nigeria that is utilized to portray a youngster that bites the dust and is reawakened, normally on numerous occasions. It is accepted that such youngsters are not of the human world, but instead have a place with the soul world thus they prop up to and fro from one world to the next except if the child’s family can make the kid remain in the human world, utilizing customary strategies most occasions. These convictions and activities are consequences of oral customs and, even with the ascent of western training in Yoruba people group and Nigeria when all is said in done, keep on being maintained by certain individuals. Clark and Soyinka are proof of the proceeded with reliance and faith in oral conventions by a great deal of Africans, much after broad westernâ education. These Africans could be doing this as a backhanded resistance to western thoughts and rules that have looked to criticize and annihilate African culture. During the frontier time, the Europeans put forth a valiant effort to pulverize African culture, particularly those that had to do with odd notions and strict convictions that didn't compare with western standards. Ideas like resurrection were disapproved of vigorously by the European evangelists looking to change the strict convictions of Africans and since most parts of life depended on religion at that point, changing one’s strict convictions implied changing one’s political, social and monetary convictions also. Be that as it may, with the ascent of social patriotisms, Africans started to dismiss European guidelines as the perfect and spotlight on taking African culture back to the cutting edge. Subsequently, we see Soyinka and Clark just as numerous other African artists carrying their social notions to their abst ract works, despite the fact that a large portion of them are written in European dialects. In Soyinka’s _Abiku_ sonnet, pretty much every line is comprised of social convictions and practices as they identify with the _Abiku_ kid. He even plunges into non-African oral conventions in the line that says, â€Å"remember/this, and delve me more profound still into/the god’s swollen foot.† (14-16). Here, Soyinka is alluding to Oedipus, the Greek fanciful figure, and his utilization of this in his sonnet proposes that he needs to show that oral convention isn't only an African marvel yet rather, exists in various societies all around the globe. While, he doesn’t develop this line, it is significant in light of the fact that it stands apart from the remainder of the sonnet as it isn't associated with Yoruba convention at all and it makes known to its perusers the way that oral customs are widespread. Additionally, Soyinka composes his sonnet from the subject’s perspective as a methods for acculturating the character. The idea of _Abiku_ is generally clarified as an other-common wonder, which made it simpler for many individuals to disassociate themselves with the thought. In any case, Soyinka composes his sonnet in first individual so as to make known to individuals the way that _Abiku_ youngsters do exist and they are, indeed, people. He carries the _Abiku_ kid to the cutting edge and however the talk is tinged with odd notions andâ cultural customs, the way that it is being told from the child’s point of view is an acculturating exertion. There is no uncertainty that the sonnet underscores social and otherworldly ideas, particularly through the kid, nonetheless, the poem’s utilization of words like â€Å"Mothers† (line 26) paints a human picture in the brains of the perusers. The juxtaposition of otherworldly and human language utilized in the sonnet tells the perusers that both the profound and the human are available in this _Abiku_ youngster. In this manner, the artist exposes that the profound for example conventional and the human for example reasonable can exist and match with each other. He is stating that African culture can exist one next to the other with western culture and one doesn’t need to decrease the other, which is the direct inverse of what was lectured by European evangelists. Likewise, note that these two artists just as most African authors are put resources into the idea of Africanism. Keeping African societies alive is significant and we see the writers utilizing their sonnets to remind Africans and the world when all is said in done that African culture despite everything exists and has not been crushed by urbanization. Oral conventions have never been totally acknowledged as satisfactory sources with which to make any sorts of examinations as a result of the whimsical idea of the human memory thus, composing these sonnets permits the writers show the perusers that the way of life is still there and these accounts and convictions have not been overlooked. It was significant for Africans in verifiable occasions to over and again recognize the oral conventions so they would not overlook any pieces of it and this is additionally one reason why African authors as a rule include a few components of oral custom into their works. A great deal of African people group didn't have any methods for recording their way of life for people in the future so they simply ensured the more youthful ages got mindful of these customs from the beginning times of their lives so these conventions became engrained in their brains when they were grown-ups. In any case, with the colonization of Africa, a ton of Africans are currently capable peruse and compose these oral conventions and on account of this simple access, a great deal of Africans have gotten ignorant of a ton of social customs that would have been passed orally. In this way, the essayists remember oral customs for their composed attempts to bring these accounts, convictions, rehearses, and so on once more into the brains of Africans and the world. This is why Soyinka and Clark remember some customary procedures for their verse. Soyinka expounds on the charms that individuals accepted would shield the _Abiku_ kid from returning to the soul world†¦ â€Å"Must I sob for goats and cowries/for palm oil and sprinkled ash?† He brings the peruser into the universe of the _Abiku,_ utilizing social ceremonies, which at that point reminds the Africans who had overlooked and illuminates the individuals who were not aware of this data at first. Clark brings his perusers into the prompt condition of the _Abiku_ kid, both the physical condition and the profound environment†¦ â€Å"Do remain out on the baobab tree/follow where you please your related spirits/if inside isn't sufficient for you.† Taking everything into account, oral customs are significant in African culture just as different societies around the globe and the utilization of composed language in passing oral conventions has been useful in bringing overlooked chronicles again into the brains of its kin. List of sources Fage, J. D., and British Broadcasting Corporation. Africa Discovers Her Past. London: Oxford University Press, 1970. Henige, David P. The Chronology of Oral Tradition: Quest for a Chimera. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974. Adesanmi, Pius. You’re Not a Country, Africa: A Personal History of the African Present. Johannesburg: Penguin Books (South Africa), 2011.

Just Chillax [about your college essays]

‘Just Chillax’ [about your college essays] To those of you who sent in your early apps congrats! Youre done! With one! (The secret to life is to celebrate the little accomplishments. Like making it to class without running into anything/anyone while on my bike.) To those of you who are still working on apps, I thought Id offer a bit of unsolicited advice (but puh-leeze, you know you want it) about the DUN DUN DUN COLLEGE ESSAY. Before I start, Id like to offer a statistic for those of you obsessing over the chance me threads on College Confidential (if you dont know what Im talking about, dont worry youre not missing out): 0% of people who do not apply to MIT get into MIT. Thats the main statistic you need to be concerned with. Yeah, yeah, theres an application fee, so dont apply if you dont want to come here. But otherwise, what have you got to lose? Now that weve got THAT issue out of the way, lets address the college essay. If you want help on the mechanics of it, Im not going to reinvent the wheel instead, check out Chris S.s awesome entry. The essays are a chance for you to show off your unique personality, because lets face it you like science? You do well in school? SO DOES EVERYONE ELSE WHO APPLIES TO THIS SCHOOL. (Disclaimer: If you dont actually like science all that much and are more into things like management or econ or literature or music, dont be discouraged about what I just wrote. Im just trying to get a point across.) The essay is your chance to show that youre not a mindless robot, just as I am not a mindless robot and just as Chris, Matt and the other admissions officers are not mindless robots. More than I love being around motivated, inspiring, wicked-smart kids, I love being around REAL people who, at the end of the day, are still just your [somewhat] normal teenager/twentysomething. When the admissions officers ask you to write about what you love, what your dreams are, what makes you YOU, its actually not a trick question. So when people told me I should write about what I love, I for better or worse took it rather literally, and wrote about my kick-butt little brother. (Not saying that this is the best essay ever or that you need to make yours look like mine. This is just an example. Im me. Youre not me. If you submitted an essay exactly like this one, thatd be creepy.) Hunched over and stern, I move painstakingly to create the ideal shape. All of my academic stress has culminated in this ridiculous focus, my obsession to finish a perfect drawing. As I close the almost-faultless white loop, a comet of red streaks across it â€" “Ryan!” I gripe to my six-year-old brother, whose chalk rainbow now decorates my colossal drawing, “You just ruined Nemo’s eyes!” In his usual banter, he fires back “Just chillax, I’ll help you fix it.” He continues his multicolored arc, totally unruffled. With AP tests and a college final looming, it seems ill-fitting that I’m spending time with my little brother, covering our driveway with chalked-out Pixar characters, but this much-needed break is keeping my brain from bursting into its own little chalk dust particles. I like to think I’m capable of reflection and growth and that my retrospective lens is better than 20/200 vision. I like to think I’m mature for my 17 years. I like to think these things, but sometimes it takes a first-grader who thinks President Kennedy was “President Cavity” to show me how much more I need to learn and make me okay with that prospect. “Uuuuuuuuggghhhh!” I grunt out in frustration â€" I think of the chapters I haven’t read, the math problems I haven’t finished. “Is your head going to EXPLODE?!” “No, but I’m just really stressed right now. You wouldn’t understand.” “Well, just take a deeeeeep breath and do it! I hope you get all A’s!!!” Everything I need to know, I haven’t learned from my brother. Doing laundry, computing a triple integral, playing the third movement of the Lalo cello concerto â€" I learned these things from people at least 20 years older than I am. Ryan is no philosophical sage, so naturally, I have the older-sibling tendency to dismiss his advice strictly on the basis that he’s only six. But those 11 years that differentiate us â€" years that I’ve had to fall into a rut of thinking the same way â€" make some of his comments so probing. He is immature, but he’s in no hurry to grow up. Of course, he has no idea that his ways of thinking helped me come to appreciate the small things and not be overwhelmed by the seemingly-impossible. Such wisdom â€" wisdom that has stayed and will stay with me â€" can come from the most surprising places, including the kid who is now picking his nose. My mom’s voice and a flickering streetlight tell us it’s time to go inside. For a moment, my mind dwells on all the homework I could have finished in that hour, but I quickly realize how much more relaxed and confident I feel. Ryan grabs the chalk container and shoots me a peace sign, telling me again to “chillax” and do things “one at a time.” I begin to think that the break was a good idea. Plus, the driveway looks awesome. Yep, you caught me. This was totally an excuse for me to revel in the fact that I miss my little brother a ton right now. Hopefully you got something out of it. Cant wait to see you in a couple weeks, goober! (From Thanksgiving break of last year. I may not like Harry Potter, Star Trek, or Lord of the Rings, but Ive still got some nerd in me. The Emperor Palpatine is courtesy of Ryan. The Yoda is courtesy of you-know-who.)

Living in a multicultural society takes time - 1547 Words

‘Living in a multicultural society takes time.’ To what extend is this illustrated by the challenge of multicultural societies in the UK? (40) A multicultural society is the status of several different ethnic, racial, religious or cultural groups coexisting in harmony in the same society. From the early 19th century people have immigrated to England, developing its diversity. During World War 2 polish and Jewish people immigrated to the UK to escape fascism. Also as the UK is part of the European Union, free and fair movement between the 28 member states means that there are no limits on immigration between these countries. This has seen it compulsory for the UK to adapt and change in order to accommodate for these individuals. For†¦show more content†¦The school adapting to changes in requirements shows they are accepting of a multicultural society, it has taken time to cater for these differing ethnic minorities. On the other hand, faith schools have developed in some areas to teach children according to a particular religion. Faith schools make up around a third of the education system. This limits choice for parents who do not want a religious education for their children, or do not share the faith of their local school. For example, in hackney Lubavitch Senior Girls School is a strictly orthodox, small secondary school for girls only. Liberal secularists argue that faith schools have no place in a growing diverse population as they promote segregation. Children should be educated around others from all religions and cultures as it is a truer representation of society. Moreover, enclaves of ethnic minorities are likely to locate near a school of their own faith this demotes integration and interaction within the community, resulting in a lack of understanding of others which consequently can cause racial tensions. Conservative people would argue that parents should have the right to bring a child according to religion and they should be able to continue to practise the religion at school. Faith schools demote integration with others who do not share the same beliefs; this is evidence to show that as long as there is faith schools in the UK ethnic minorities will never coexist inShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Advantages and Disadvantages of Multiculturalism1042 Words   |  5 Pagesmany different cultural/ethnic groups live together within the same society. In a multicultural society, there is not an official culture that every person must be a part of. Instead, all cultures are respected as much as each other. In general, a multicultural society is formed when people from many different countries all migrate to one place. For example, 10% of the UK’s population consists of different racial groups. Multicultural cities are called cosmopolitans. **** If you walk down anyRead MoreThe Impact Of Multiculturalism On A Multicultural Community1345 Words   |  6 Pagescultures in the community in order to be sensitive to a multicultural community. Each program that is in a multicultural area should have a balance of awareness, knowledge and skill, without these understanding the program will not succeed. For example, without awareness the individual will not understand the importance of the information or how the information could be used with skill. The take away understanding of the multicultural perspective is understood as having positive values in theRead MoreNobody Calls Me A Wog Anymore1137 Words   |  5 Pagesstarted calling me ‘the Australian poet, Komninos!’† (Line 62-67) Here we are shown the transition Australian society has made over time. From a racist, unfriendly Australia, into a multicultural modern society welcoming to all people. Komninos is asking his readers if it was truly necessary to segregate the population with those who seem somewhat ‘un Australian’. He’s part of a multicultural Australia. When will everyone else follow? For an Australian who’s been overseas, you will have heard theRead MoreEducation Article Critique Essay example1097 Words   |  5 Pages1998). She then claims that if all these items are true that we are not living in a free country and that certain opportunities are available to whites. She concludes by stating that she thinks that social systems need to be redesigned. I am a white female so I was able to place myself in the author’s shoes. I grew up in an upper middle class neighborhood went to a good school and I think my school was taught with a multicultural curriculum. I was culturally aware of everyone around me and of theRead MoreHigher Education For International Students998 Words   |  4 Pagescultural communication. â€Å"Over 60% of the survey respondents reported their agreement that the UK was a tolerant society, with more than on in 10 (12%) indicating strong agreement. †(Schweisfurth and Gu, 2009) Not only possibly could it broaden horizons of the international students, but also improve their learning skills. 2.1Broaden horizons through multicultural society Multicultural means including multiple people who have varying manners and faiths (Cambridge dictionaries online). In 2004, UKCOSARead More The Effectiveness of a Multicultural and Bilingual Education1198 Words   |  5 PagesEffectiveness of a Multicultural and Bilingual Education 1 There is a lot of controversy concerning our public educational programs. Opinions and lifestyles differ; [-- often] Often what is beneficial for one group of people is counterproductive for another group. Educational issues are complex and sensitive; [-- therefore] Therefore, we must analyze both sides of the issue before we make a decision. Two controversial issues in todays public educational program are multicultural and bilingualRead MoreFeminist Vs. Postmodern Therapies928 Words   |  4 Pagesthen used to form a new narrative and goals for the client to overcome their dilemma. From a multicultural standpoint, narrative therapist operate on the premise that problems are identified within social, cultural, political and relational context rather than existing within the individuals(Corey, 2013, pg. 420). Clients from different ethnic backgrounds try and mold themselves to the dominant society and social constructionism is a perfect example of that. A limitation based on veterans PTSDRead MoreA Novel Of Emigration And Assimilation1201 Words   |  5 Pagesself-empowerment and happiness. Mukherjee uses the movielike techniques of flashback and cross-cutting to fuse Jasmine’s past and present. The novel is immersed in violence. The book begins with the twenty-four-year-old narrator, Jane Ripplemeyer, living as the wife of Bud Ripplemeyer, a fifty-four-year-old worthless banker in Baden, Elsa County, Iowa. Jane recalls her story from when she was younger in Hasnapur, a village in Jullundhar District, Punjab, India, where she was born as Jyoti, the unwelcomedRead MoreMulticultural Competence Is The Appreciation And Understanding Of Different Cultures And Individuals From Those Cultures853 Words   |  4 PagesMulticultural competence is the appreciation and understanding of different cultures and individuals from those cultures. In order for one to be fully multicultural competent one needs to broaden one’s perspective and keep learning. Being multicultural competent is a long process in itself but with time one can development this â€Å"tool† and will help one be a more compassionate human being with deeper understanding of the diversity in our world. The hallmark of multicultural competence is to be ableRead MoreMulticultural Psychology Essay900 Words   |  4 Pagesbackgrounds interact defines multicultural psychology. Many consider multicultural psychology a fourth force in psychology study. Communication, interactions, research, and investigations into human behaviors give insight into how different cultures interact socially and how they live among the different ethnic groups. Many issues have emerged in multicultural psychology. Two issues discussed in this paper, cultural identity and baby boomers, describe some of the effects on multicultural psychology. Cultural

The Harlem Renaissance, A Social, Cultural, And Artistic...

The Harlem Renaissance was a social, cultural, and artistic movement that started in Harlem, New York during the 1920’s. Although it is generally considered to span from 1918 to the mid-1930, many of its ideas continue today. â€Å"The Harlem Renaissance was a phase of a larger New Negro movement that had emerged in the early 20th century and in some ways ushered in the civil rights movement of the late 1940’s and early 1950’s† (Thomas, 2017). â€Å"The social foundations of this movement included the Great Migration of African Americans from rural to urban spaces and from South to North; dramatically rising levels of literacy; the creation of national organizations dedicated to pressing African American civil rights, â€Å"uplifting† the race, and†¦show more content†¦This style of writing imitated the syncopated rhythms and repetitive phrases of jazz and blues into their poems. Claude McKay’s most famous novel was Home to Harlem. It depicted street life in Harlem. He wrote about common people in the novel to give them a distinct black identity. Zora Neale Hurston wrote several novels but her most famous being Their Eyes Were Watching God, a coming of age story set in Florida. Wallace Thurman was also a novelist during the Renaissance. He is best known for his novel The Blacker the Berry: A Novel of Negro Life (1929). The novel exposed discrimination occurred even among the black community, with the lighter skin being preferred. Jean Toomer was another black author who wrote plays, short stories, and poems to capture the spirit of this time. These poets and novelists helped to open the way to modern poets and novelists such as Maya Angelou, Alex Haley, and Toni Morrison. Without the authors of the Renaissance fighting for their voice and the recognition that African Americans were also as good a writer as whites were, then modern poets and novelist voices would be stifled. These modern authors even went on to influence modern rappers such as Kanye West, Tupac Shakur, and Nikki Minaj. This shows how even today African Americans are being influenced by the Renaissance. Music also played a part inShow MoreRelatedThe Harlem Renaissance Movement By Zora Neale Hurston, Langston Hughes, And Ralph Waldo Ellison931 Words   |  4 Pagesthe most impactful movements on African American arts, the Harlem Renaissance Movement represented a period of artistic and intellectual change that initiated a new identity on black culture. Often called the â€Å"New Negro† Era, the Harlem Renaissance opened doors for African American to express themselves in the form of visual arts, musical elements, and even performing arts during the 1920s. Due to this movement, Harlem became the city that â€Å"gave African Americans a physical cultural center.† [1] RenownedRead MoreExploring African American History : The Harlem Renaissance1521 Words   |  7 PagesTi’Anna Smith Period 1 AP World History 12-14-15 Exploring African American History: The Harlem Renaissance The Harlem Renaissance originally known as the New Negro Movement was an important part of African American culture and history, which helped African Americans express themselves and celebrate their heritage. Between the years of 1890-1920 close to two million African Americans traveled from the rural southern states to the northern cities. They traveled to these northern cities in hopesRead MoreHarlem Renaissance : A Cultural, Social, And Artistic Explosion840 Words   |  4 PagesA cultural, social, and artistic explosion that took place in Harlem between 1919-1929 became known as the Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance was a great time period in history for blacks. The Harlem Renaissance included great artists such as Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, James Baldwin, and more. The Harlem Renaissance was a movement in which blacks asserted themselves by embracing their racial identity and appreciating their African heritage. In my opinion the Harlem RenaissanceRead MoreLangston Hughes And The Harlem Renaissance1219 Words   |  5 PagesHughes and the Harlem Renaissance The Harlem renaissance is an artistic revolutionary period that took place between 1917 and 1937. This was after the First World War. Harlem was a district in New York. The Harlem renaissance impacted the social, cultural as well as artistic aspects of the black community. Many black people were encouraged to flee the southern sides where the caste system continued to oppress the black people. At this period, racial inequalities as well as other social injustices wereRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance1154 Words   |  5 Pages2015 The Harlem Renaissance The early 1900s was a time marked with tragedy in America. Started and ended with the Great Depression in between, it was not America s finest moment. Prohibition was in place, the Klu Klux Klan was still marching, and the Lost Generation was leaving for Paris. But despite the troubling times, people still found beauty and meaning in the world around them. They still created art and celebrated life. The Harlem Renaissance was an artistic and literary movement that developedRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : African American Culture758 Words   |  4 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance: African American Culture The Harlem Renaissance was an era where African American culture flourished. African American music, art, theatre, literature, food, fashion, and creativity dominated in the 1920’s. It was a movement to redefine what being â€Å"black† meant to destroy the stereotypes of that society has affiliated with being a negro. At this time, African American artists used their talents to take advantage of this opportunity to make a better life for themselves, whileRead More The Harlem Renaissance Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chapter 1 Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Harlem Renaissance, an African American cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City. According to Wintz: The Harlem Renaissance was â€Å"variously known as the New Negro movement, the New Negro Renaissance, and the Negro Renaissance, the movement emerged toward the end of World War I in 1918, blossomed in the mid- to late 1920s, and then withered in the mid-1930sRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1048 Words   |  5 PagesThe Harlem Renaissance was a significant historical movement that originated in Harlem, New York and helped establish the city as an African American cultural center. This period, which lasted from the 1910s to the mid 1930s, is considered a golden age for African American music, art, literature, and performance. As a resurgence of African American art and urbanization began to form, new artistic and social expression began to simultaneously develop in other urban areas as well. The Harlem RenaissanceRead MoreHarlem Renaissance Essay1341 Words   |  6 Pagesduring the Renaissance was they had really short life there was no black people in it other than artists. Harl em Renaissance were first one to criticize black and white. They came to dominate Harlem Renaissance through creativity and culture. Madhubuti’s contention, Jeffery Stewart stated after major victories of the civil rights movement another intellectual and cultural rebellion called Black Power movement. Madhubuti’s, a black arts movement members relationship with Harlem Renaissance is one ofRead MoreA New Beginning For African Americans Essay1291 Words   |  6 Pagesto the mid 1930’s a literary, intellectual, and artistic movement occurred that kindled the African Americans a new cultural identity. This movement became known as the Harlem Renaissance, which is also known as the â€Å"New Negro Movement†. With this movement, African Americans sought out to challenge the â€Å"Negro† stereotype that they had received from others while developing innovation and great cultural activity. The Harlem Renaissance became an artistic explosion in the creati ve arts. Thus, many African

Hamel Prahalad Core Competency Free Essays

Business performance was primary based on the position of an organization in its industry and this view was criticized by Hamel and Prahalad as no common goal or corporation existed between the units. Alternatively, Porter believes that an organization should be viewed as individual business units. However, he does consider sharing resources between them which earlier idea planning ignore. We will write a custom essay sample on Hamel Prahalad: Core Competency or any similar topic only for you Order Now This essay is going to discuss what competency is and compare with portfolio of individual business units. A core competency is something a firm can do well and meets the following three conditions pointed out by Hamel and Prahalad. Firstly, it can provide customers benefits. Secondly, it is hard for competitors to imitate. Finally, it can be use widely in many products and markets. Hamel and Prahalad introduced this concept in 1990 Harvard Business Review article. A core competency is a bundle of skills and technologies for a firm to provide customers benefits. Sony is an example use this idea, Sony must ensure that technologists, engineers and markets have a share understanding of customers need and of technological possibilities. There are three test must meet when firm consider to use core competency as a management strategy. These three test are can provide customer benefits, hard for competitors to imitate and can used widely in the market and product. There are many companies have the potential to build core competency but failed to do so because the top management are unable to conceive the company as anything other than collection of discrete business. Hamel and Prahalad define a business unit as focusing on end products or markets. However, the core competency is not product specific. It can be seen in broad sense which offering a wide rang of competitive advantages. For example, ‘user friendliness’ at Apple Company. Core competency can be enhanced when it is being applied and shared, but it still needs to be nurtured and protected. Core competency is the glue that binds existing business. It is also the engine for new business development. Porter’s view of positioning, cost leadership and differentiation are all based on the final product. This is also the reason why Hamel and Prahalad and Porter have different views on whether the competency as a portfolio of core competency rather than as a portfolio of individual business units. Hamel and Prahalad opinion is that competition is base on core competency much more than product. Glaxo is a company that supports Hamel and Prahalad’s idea. It suggests that if and organization is viewed as separate business focusing on the end product, future opportunities may be missed. Once the existing markets become matured and become a commodity if no new products have been envisaged. It is hard to maintain a core competitive advantage. However, if the organization based itself on core competency they to not diminish, the more they are applied, the more useful they will become. The view of core competency is towards the future, while competition for individual business units focusing on end products is about the present. Considering the organization as a portfolio of core competency take an inside out approach. Hamel and Prahalad’s view only focus on internal analysis of the organization but not the external environment. However, the alternative view is the market based view taken by theorists such as Porter. This supports that in order to gain a competitive advantage, the organization needs to find a successful position for the product or service within the market. This takes an outside in approach as it is based on positioning and then reviewing the organizations value chain to accommodate the external requirements. To sum up, it is very important and essential for a firm to build core competency. Core competency can bring several advantages and allow future opportunities to be identified as skills from different business units and can be combined to create new products. It is also a long term strategy and should be combined with the focus on end product to achieve competitive advantage. How to cite Hamel Prahalad: Core Competency, Papers

Password protecting wireless technology

Introduction The use of the wireless devices goes on to increase as they turn out to be cheaper and more affordable to the users (â€Å"Using wireless technology securely† 1). The increased use of the wireless technologies among the business as well as personal systems has led to better accessibility and interoperability.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Password protecting wireless technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But, on the other hand, this same ubiquity has as well contributed to a rise in the level of risks to the computer networks. The attackers have been offered fresh ways to engage in the stealing of very sensitive information, messing about with the business processes, and sabotaging â€Å"network security enforcement systems† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). While new threats as well as attacks â€Å"are found against wireless networks, they are addre ssed with changes and additions to the protocols and standards† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). In this paper, the wireless technology is going to be discussed, including its benefits and security threats and later, focus will be on how to â€Å"password protect† the wireless technology. Benefits of Wireless Technologies It is pointed out that, in the current day, more than 165 million mobile experts as well as organizations make use of the wireless technologies in solving business problems and gaining competitive advantages (â€Å"Wireless technology 2). The increased reliance on networking in the business world and the internet growth as well as online services strongly indicates the â€Å"benefits of shared data and resources† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2). The wireless solutions bring these benefits to a high level by giving room for users to have access to the shared information and applications, and eliminating the constraints t hat are associated with the wired connections. In addition, the wireless technology makes it possible for the managers of the networks to develop or expand networks without necessarily having to move or install wires. It is pointed out that nearly all the computing devices which include â€Å"monitors, desktops, tablets, workstations, printers and handhelds can be equipped to communicate wirelessly† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2). The wireless solutions give out more convenience, productivity and more cost advantages as compared to the wired networks (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Wireless technology allows a large number of benefits and this includes allowing business organizations to derive benefits â€Å"from the value of their information† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2). The wireless solutions are capable of off ering users, â€Å"access to real-time information from more places in their organization† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2). Such mobility offer support to productivity and also offer service opportunities which can not otherwise be achieved by using the wired networks. Companies are currently implementing wireless solutions with an intention of improving their competitiveness in the market. Having wireless solutions that are easy-to-use and more secure has brought about the opportunity to bring down the level of costs and has also led to improvement in performance. It is also pointed out that â€Å"wireless networks extend core networks, provides greater utilization of existing networks† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 2). There can be configuration of wireless systems in various topologies in order to ensure meeting of some specific installations as well as applications. There can be easy changing of configurations and â€Å"range from peer-to-peer networks appropriate for few users to full infrastructure networks of thousands of users that enable roaming over a broad area† (â€Å"Wireless technology† 3). However, these benefits that come with the wireless technology can not be enjoyed where appropriate measures are not taken in order to deal with the security threats that are associated to the wireless technologies. Password protecting wireless technology Following the security threats that face the wireless networks, there is a need to protect these networks. The â€Å"wireless router or access point in a network is essentially a radio transmitter’ (Rodriguez 1). Similar to the case if a radio transmitter, any person that has the right tools can be able to pick up the signal in case he/she is within the range. Since radio transmissions â€Å"are broadcast through the air to target devices, any system properly configured within the radio broadcast range can also receive the wireless messages† (â€Å"The ri sks of wireless technology† 1). This implies that devices which are not supposed to be on the wireless network can get transmissions. It is observed that â€Å"the extension of the network wireless technologies has well increased the attack surface available to malicious users; an adversary can become part of a network and interact with systems that were not designed to operate in a hostile environment† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Password protecting wireless technology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The most common activity that is employed in the attack of the wireless technology is â€Å"war driving† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). A person with ill intentions can engage in moving around with a laptop having a wireless receiver while listening to the â€Å"radio traffic that is being broadcast† (à ¢â‚¬Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). There can be setting of the programs that are run on the laptop in order to automatically carry out the analysis of the data and make an effort to â€Å"break in to the networks as they are found† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). Moreover, a large number of attackers can as well engage in correlating data with GPS information to come up with a â€Å"wireless access points† map (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). Basing on where they are located, the attackers, at a later time, can engage in revisiting these access points in order to carry out more attacks. It is pointed out that â€Å"password protection can keep intruders out of your network, maintaining the privacy of your personal information† (Rodriguez 1). In order to â€Å"password protect† the wireless network, this may involve use of encryption. It is pointed out that â€Å"data encryption is used to ‘scram ble’ the signals the wireless network uses to send information back and forth between computers† (Rodriguez 1). It is only those users who know the password can be in a position to engage in the unscrambling of the signals â€Å"into useable data† (Rodriguez 1). In the present day wireless technology, there exist two encryption forms and these are â€Å"Wired Equivalency Privacy – WEP, and Wi-Fi Protected Access – WPA† (Rodriguez 1). WEP was the initial encryption form that was utilized in the wireless networks. This form of encryption is prevalent â€Å"in first generation network equipment and no-PC devices like PDAs, game consoles and media players† (Rodriguez 1). However, WEP do have a grave design weakness that enables the hostile entities to obtain the encryption key and be in a position â€Å"to see all traffic with relative ease† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). It is also pointed out that the â€Å"a ccess control mechanisms that used the Media Access Control (MAC) address of networked devices no longer give IT professionals any guarantee a rogue device is within an easily identified physical area† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The synchronization capacities of the ‘address book’ found in the cellular phones among other portable devices facilitates stealing of the ‘address book’ in case it is not implemented in the right way, such as the â€Å"Bluesnarfing for Bluetooth-enabled devices† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). It is pointed out that having advancements in cryptanalysis, the software that is used in the analysis of â€Å"wireless network traffic and deriving encryption keys and passwords has become commonplace† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1). Allocating encryption key that is much more complex for WEP remains to enable an attacker to identify what the key is in a very short period of time by making use of such software as WepLab and Aircrack. Making use of encryption algorithms that are stronger but which have keys that are weak still leaves the networks prone to the dictionary attacks that utilizes â€Å"list of words and permutations to try and guess encryption keys† (â€Å"The risks of wireless technology† 1) The WepLab as well as Aircrack support this operation method also. However, it is noted that even if WEP is not strong enough as compared to other encryption techniques, it offers a fundamental protection level which is better than not having one (Rodriguez 1). If a person is making use of WEP, he/she can make it be more effective by engaging in changing of the password on a more frequent basis (Rodriguez 1). In the current days, people prefer to use WPA as a â€Å"wireless network encryption† method (Rodriguez 1). This method gives room for passwords which utilize characters in addition to numbers and letters and this makes it possible to have passwords that are more secure to use. The method as well offers stronger encryption which is regarded as being harder to ‘conquer’ by the intruders. The WPA method â€Å"may not be supported by all hardware, but is designed to drop back to WEP in situations where hardware is not compatible† (Rodriguez 1). It is also suggested that, as an additional layer to the safeguarding of the passwords, one is supposed to consider enabling â€Å"MAC filtering† (Rodriguez 1). Every individual computer is assigned a â€Å"12-character identifier†, which is only one of its kind, referred to as MAC ID. MAC filtering enables creation of the MAC addresses which are permitted to access the network. The MAC ID serves as a second password and it enables â€Å"only a select number of computers in to the network† (Rodriguez 1) Conclusion In the current days, a large number of people and organizations are using the wireless technology on an increasing level because it has become more affordable and convenient to use. There are many benefits that are brought in by using the wireless technology. People and organizations can now access important information that can enable them to carry out t heir activities more comfortably and conveniently. The companies are becoming more competitive in the market as a result of using this technology. However, there has also been an increase in the level of risks to the computer networks. Attackers have tried to have access to information on the unprotected wireless networks. There is a need to protect one’s information since it can be wrongly used by another person. To achieve this protection, there is a need for password protecting the wireless technology. This can effectively be done by using such methods as WEP and the more advanced method, WPA. Works Cited Rodriguez, Gene. Password protect a wireless network. Life123, 2012. Web. â€Å"The risks of wireless technology.† Security4wireless.com. Security4wireless, 2010. Web. â€Å"Using wireless technology securely.† U.s-cert.gov. US-CERT, 2006. Web. â€Å"Wireless technology.† www2.hp.com. www2.hp, n.d. Web. This research paper on Password protecting wireless technology was written and submitted by user Samson Barton to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sapient and Savor

Sapient and Savor Sapient and Savor Sapient and Savor By Mark Nichol Sapient and savor are cognates (words with the same origin)- which shouldn’t be surprising, as they both pertain to being perceptive. These words, and the others discussed below, derive from the Latin verb sapere, meaning â€Å"taste† or â€Å"have a flavor.† Savor, from the same Old French word, is both a noun and a verb, though the former is rare; that form refers to having a good smell or taste or to a quality that makes something enjoyable or interesting, while the verb means â€Å"enjoy for a long time.† The adjectival form, savory, means â€Å"pleasant smelling or tasting† but also applies to foods that are salty or spicy but not sweet. By extension, something savory is morally acceptable; the antonym, unsavory, is more common. A related, though rare, term is sapid; similarly, insipid, its opposite, is more widely employed, though it is more likely to be used to mean â€Å"boring† or â€Å"dull† in reference to a person’s personality rather than â€Å"lacking in flavor.† Savoir faire, adopted into English directly from French, stems from the French verb savoir, meaning â€Å"know†; it means, basically, â€Å"knowing the right thing to do† in the sense of acting appropriately in society. (Faire is derived from the Latin verb facere, meaning â€Å"do,† which is also the source of fact.) A similar French term, savoir vivre (literally, â€Å"knowing how to live elegantly†), likewise made its way into English but is much less well known. A savant is â€Å"a learned person,† which is its definition in the original French. The phrase â€Å"idiot savant† was applied, starting in the late nineteenth century, to someone who has what is now referred to as savant syndrome, a condition in which a person with a mental disability nevertheless demonstrates exceptional skills in mathematics, memory, or art or music. (Idiot, ultimately from Greek, originally referred to an ignorant person but then became a classification of mental ability; it has come almost full circle in meaning.) The term savvy, which refers to practical intelligence (and is employed as a verb meaning â€Å"know† or â€Å"understand†), started out as pidgin developed in parallel from the French phrase savez-vous, meaning â€Å"Do you know?† and the Spanish phrase sabe usted, meaning â€Å"You know.† Sapient, borrowed directly from French, means â€Å"wise†; the binomial nomenclature for the human race is Homo sapiens (literally, â€Å"human being wise†). A neologism, sapiosexual (apparently coined in the late 1990s), refers to someone attracted to highly intelligent people. Sage, descended from an Old French word spelled the same way, was originally an adjective meaning â€Å"wise† but came to be used as a noun as well to refer to a wise person. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)Do you "orient" yourself, or "orientate" yourself?How to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Teaching the Teacher Using the Train the Trainer Model

Teaching the Teacher Using the Train the Trainer Model Too often, the last thing any teacher wants after a day of teaching in the classroom is to attend professional development (PD). But, just like their students, teachers at every grade-level need ongoing education to keep up with educational trends, district initiatives, or curriculum changes. Therefore, the designers of teacher PD must consider how to engage and motivate teachers using a model that is meaningful and effective. One model that has demonstrated its effectiveness in PD is known as the Train the Trainer model. What Is the Train the Trainer Model? According to the Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, Train the Trainer means: initially training a person or people who, in turn, train other people at their home agency. For example, in a Train the Trainer model, a school or district may determine that question and answer techniques need to be improved. The PD designers would select a teacher,  or group of teachers,  to receive extensive training in question and answering techniques. This teacher, or group of teachers, would, in turn, train their fellow teachers in effective use of question and answering techniques.   The Train the Trainer model is similar to peer-to-peer instruction, which is widely recognized as an effective strategy for all learners in all subject areas. Selecting teachers to act as trainers for other teachers has many advantages including reducing costs, increasing communication, and improving school culture. Advantages to Train the Trainer One major advantage to the Train the Trainer model is how it can assure fidelity to a particular program or strategy for  teaching. Each trainer disseminates prepared materials in exactly the same way. During the PD, the trainer in this model is similar to a clone and will stick to a script without making any changes. This makes the Train the Trainer model for PD ideal for large school districts who need continuity in training order to measure the effectiveness of a curriculum between schools. The use of the Train the Trainer model can also help districts to provide a consistent professional learning process for compliance with mandated local, state, or federal requirements. A trainer in this model may be expected to use the methods and materials provided in the training in their own classrooms and perhaps to model for fellow teachers. A trainer may also provide interdisciplinary or cross-curricular professional development for other content-area teachers.   The use of the Train the Trainer model in PD is cost effective. It is less costly to send one teacher or a small team of teachers out for expensive training so that they can return with the knowledge to teach many others. It can also more cost effective to use the trainers as experts who are provided time to revisit teacher classrooms to measure the effectiveness of the training or to model the training throughout the school year. The Train the Trainer model can shorten the timetable for new initiatives. Instead of the lengthy process of training of one teacher at a time, a team can be trained at once. Once the team is ready, the coordinated PD sessions can be offered for teachers simultaneously and initiatives put in place in a timely manner. Finally, teachers are more likely to seek advice from other teachers than from an outside specialist. Using teachers who are already familiar with the school culture and the school setting is an advantage, especially during presentations.  Most teachers know each other, personally or by reputation within a school or district. The development of teachers as trainers within a school or district can set up new pathways of communication or networking. Training teachers as experts can also increase leadership capacity in a school or district. Research on Train the Trainer There are several studies that illustrate the effectiveness on Train the Trainer method. One study (2011) focused on special education teachers who delivered such training that was a â€Å"cost-effective and sustainable method for improving the access to and accuracy of teacher-implemented [training].† Other studies have shown the effectiveness of the train the trainer model including: (2012) food safety initiative and  (2014) science literacy, as well as for social issues as seen in the Report on Bullying Prevention and Intervention Professional Development by the Massachusetts Department of  Elementary and Secondary Education (2010). The practice of Train the Trainer has been used nationally for many years. Initiatives from the National Literacy and National Numeracy Centers have provided leadership and training for educational institutions and consultants, who â€Å"train school heads, lead math teachers and expert literacy teachers, who in turn train other teachers​.† One drawback to the Train the Trainer model is that the PD is usually scripted in order to serve a specific purpose or to address a specific need. In larger districts, however, the needs of a school, classroom or teacher may differ and the PD delivered according to a script may not be as relevant. The Train the Trainer model is not flexible and may not include opportunities for differentiation unless the trainers are provided materials that can be tailored for a school or classroom. Choosing the Trainer(s) The selection of a teacher is the most critical part in developing the train the trainer model. The teacher selected as a trainer must be well-respected and able to lead teacher discussions as well as listen to his or her peers. The teacher selected should be prepared to help teachers to link the training to instruction and to demonstrate how to measure success. The teacher selected must be able to share results (data) on student growth that is based on training. Most important, the teacher selected must be reflective, be able to accept teacher feedback, and above all, maintain a positive attitude.   Designing Professional Development Before implementing the Train the Trainer model, the designers of professional development in any school district should consider the four principles that American educator Malcolm Knowles theorized about adult education or andragogy.  Andragogy refers to â€Å"man led† rather than pedagogy which uses â€Å"ped† meaning â€Å"child† at its root. Knowles proposed (1980) principles he believed were critical for adult learning. Designers of PD and trainers should have some familiarity with these principles as they prepare the trainers for their adult learners.  An explanation for application in education follows each principle: Adult learners have a need to be self-directing. This means instruction is effective when teachers have been involved in the planning and in the evaluation of their professional development. Train the trainer models are effective when they respond to teacher needs or requests.Readiness for learning increases when there is a specific need to know. This means that teachers learn best, like their students, when the professional development is central to their performance.  Life’s reservoir of experience is a primary learning resource; the life experiences of others add enrichment to the learning process. This means that what teachers experience, including their mistakes, is critical because teachers attach more meaning to experience rather than knowledge that they acquire passively.Adult learners have an inherent need for immediacy of application.  A teacher’s interest in learning is increased when professional development has immediate relevance and impact to teacherà ¢â‚¬â„¢s job or personal life. Trainers should know that Knowles also suggested that adult learning is more successful when it is problem-centered rather than content-oriented.   Final Thoughts Just as the teacher does in the classroom, the trainer’s role during PD  is to create and maintain a supportive climate so that the instruction designed for teachers can take place. Some good practices for the trainer include: Be respectful of fellow teachers.Show enthusiasm about the training topic.Be clear and direct in order to avoid miscommunication.Ask questions in order to receive feedback.Use â€Å"Wait Time† to encourage questions and allow time to think about an answer or response. Teachers understand firsthand how mind-numbing an afternoon of PD could be, so using teachers in the Train the Trainer model has the benefit of adding  elements of camaraderie, appreciation, or empathy to professional development. Trainers will work hard to meet the challenge of keeping their peers engaged while teachers who are learning may be more motivated to listen to their peers rather than a consultant out of the district. Ultimately, using the Train the Trainer model may mean highly effective and less  boring professional development simply because it is peer-led professional development.

Jesus and Mohammed paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Jesus and Mohammed paper - Essay Example a number of different ways such as their respective lives, the impact of each other’s death on their own religion, how each individual was worshipped, and the way in which their messages are being displayed throughout the world today. Jesus was a Jew and was born approximately two-thousand years ago in a town called Bethlehem. At that time, the Romans had occupation of the lands of Israel. As such, the Jews were expecting a savior to come along and defeat the Romans. Before Jesus was born, a prophecy was given that he would be the Messiah: â€Å"Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign. The virgin will be with child and will give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel† (Isaiah 7:14 New International Version). However, what the Jews considered the Messiah to be was not how Jesus lived. The woman who gave birth to Jesus was a virgin called Mary. At that time, Mary was engaged to a man named Joseph. Because of this, Mary faced many calls of being an adulterer. During Jesus’ childhood, he was taught how to be a carpenter because this was his father’s profession. Once Jesus had reached the age of thirty, he left his hometown and set out on his ministry around the lands of Israel. In con trast to Jesus, Mohammad was born in 570 A.D. and was called Muhummad Ibn Adullah (Slick). (There are a number of variations in the spelling of Mohammad’s name, but for consistency, I will refer to him as Mohammad from here on.) Mohammad grew up in Mecca, the cultural religious center in what is now known as Saudi Arabia. In the early part of his life, Mohammad experienced tragedy as his father died before he was even born and his mother passed away when he was only six years old. Because of this, his uncle Abu Talib took the responsibility of raising him. Later on in life, Mohammad had developed the habit of going up to Mt. Hira to meditate (Slick). During one of his trips, Mohammad claimed that the angel Gabriel appeared to him. This angel instructed him to write the

Research Designs and Methods Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Designs and Methods - Term Paper Example   If we were to not use scientific research, we would have to rely on intuition, guess and whims. All through history, one can see examples of how important decisions can go wrong because the decision maker relied on these. Intuition is often influenced by a few events that are not representative of the norm. The decision maker may not even realize how much weight a particular incident may be given simply because it has had an emotional impact on them; and not because it is really relevant. Statistical studies have shown that any one of a number of guesses has exactly the same chance of being right as any other in the set. Nevertheless, we often make the mistake of believing that a particular guess has a greater probability of being right. This is a fallacy that motivates every gambling situation. The whims and ideas of monarchs have often been their downfall. Major decisions of corporations, countries and even individuals, if taken without the backing of facts and research can oft en lead to costly mistakes – sometimes irreversible... (Baily, 1994; 76-83). A majority of the type of research mentioned is conducted by using mathematical and statistical functions. But when the object of study is a human being, quantitative measurement of phenomena is not always possible. Human experience is inherently qualitative, and often it is best reported thus. A number of researchers have understood this, and choose to study phenomena from a qualitative and descriptive point of view. While such research is often criticized for not being able to present hard data, the insight it provides into the human experience makes it well worth the effort. It is, of course, difficult to generalize from subjective data; a strength of objectively collected data. In some cases, there is no attempt at all to apply the findings in a larger context. Qualitative research is also more fallible in its interpretation. But in spite of all its flaws, qualitative data – especially in the Social Sciences – can provide an understanding and a perspective that empirical data cannot afford.     

Microorganisms Relevant To Bioremediation

Microorganisms Relevant To Bioremediation Introduction Bioremediation is a technology that utilizes the metabolic potential of microorganisms to clean up contaminated environments. One important characteristic of bioremediation is that it is carried out in non-sterile open environments that contain a variety of organisms. Of these, bacteria, such as those capable of degrading pollutants, usually have central roles in bioremediation, whereas other organisms (e.g. fungi and grazing protozoa) also affect the process. A deeper understanding of the microbial ecology of contaminated sites is therefore necessary to further improve bioremediation processes. In the past two decades, molecular tools, exemplified by rRNA approaches, have been introduced into microbial ecology; these tools have facilitated the analysis of natural microbial populations without cultivation. Microbiologists have now realized that natural microbial populations are much more diverse than those expected from the catalog of isolated microorganisms. This is also the case for pollutant-degrading microorganisms, implying that the natural environment harbors a wide range of unidentified pollutant-degrading microorganisms that have crucial roles in bioremediation. This article summarizes the results of recent studies of microbial populations that are relevant to bioremediation. Molecular ecological information is thought to be useful for the development of strategies to improve bioremediation and for evaluating its consequences (including risk assessment). Molecular tools are especially useful in bioaugmentation, in which exogenous microorganisms that are introduced to accelerate pollutant biodegradation need to be monitored. This article discusses recent examples of the successful application of molecular ecological tools to the study of bioremediation. Microorganisms relevant to methane oxidation Traditionally, studies on pollutant biodegradation have been initiated by the isolation of one or more microorganisms capable of degrading target pollutants; however, conventional isolation methods have resulted in the isolation of only a fraction of the diverse pollutant-degrading microorganisms in the environment. In addition, most isolated organisms have shown pollutant-degradation kinetics that differ from those observed in the environment. For example, laboratory-cultivated methanotrophs exhibit half-saturation constants for methane oxidation which are one to three orders of magnitude higher than those observed in soil. Using molecular phylogenetic analyses of isotope-labeled DNA, (Radajewski et al.) successfully identified two novel methanotrophs that actively degrade methane under environmental conditions. Molecular approaches that target the 16S rRNA gene (16S rDNA) and genes encoding enzymes involved in key metabolic steps (e.g. those encoding particulate methane monooxygena se) have been applied to the analysis of methanotrophs in rice field soil, lake sediments and forest soil. Methanotrophs are considered to be important for reducing the emission of methane, a greenhouse gas, from soil and sediment. In addition, methanotrophs co-metabolize trichloroethylene (TCE); therefore, TCE bioremediation often employs methane injection as a means to stimulate the TCE-degrading activity of indigenous methanotrophs (i.e. methane biostimulation). Methanotrophs which occurred at a methane biostimulation site were recently analyzed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified 16S rDNA and soluble methane monooxygenase gene fragments. Marine petroleum hydrocarbon degradation Molecular ecological approaches have also been used to analyze bacterial populations that occur in petroleum-contaminated marine environments. Spilled-oil bioremediation experiments conducted at a sandy beach found that phylotypes affiliated with the subclass of Proteobacteria appeared in the DGGE fingerprints obtained for oiled plots but not in those for unoiled plots, suggesting their importance in spilled-oil bioremediation. Another oil-spill experiment conducted at a beach in the Norwegian Arctic showed that 16S rDNA types affiliated with the ÃŽÂ ³-Proteobacteria, especially those belonging to the Pseudomonas and Cycloclasticus groups, were abundant in fertilized oil sands. Microbial populations which occurred in seawater after supplementation with petroleum and inorganic fertilizers have been analyzed using rRNA approaches; it was reported that bacterial populations belonging to the Proteobacteria and the genus Alcanivorax showed accelerated growth. These studies have indicat ed that some groups of bacteria commonly occur in oil-contaminated marine environments, although other populations change under different environmental conditions. Anaerobic petroleum hydrocarbon degradation As petroleum hydrocarbons are persistent under anaerobic conditions, their contamination of groundwater is a serious environmental problem. The microbial diversity in a hydrocarbon- and chlorinated-solvent contaminated aquifer undergoing intrinsic bioremediation was assessed by cloning and sequencing bacterial and archaeal 16S rDNA fragments. This study detected phylotypes that were closely related to Syntrophus spp. (anaerobic oxidizers of organic acids with the production of acetate and hydrogen) and Methanosaeta spp. (aceticlastic methanogens), suggesting their syntrophic association. Phylotypes affiliated with candidate divisions (that do not contain any isolated organisms) were also obtained in abundance from the contaminated aquifer, although their physiology is completely unknown. A similar syntrophic association of bacteria and archaea has also been reported in a methanogenic enrichment that slowly degrades hexadecane. Likewise, a toluene-degrading methanogenic consortium was characterized by rRNA approaches. The consortium comprised two archaeal species related to the genera Methanosaeta and Methanospirillum, and two bacterial species, one related to the genus Desulfotomaculum and the other unrelated to any previously described genus. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with group-specific rRNA probes was used to analyze a denitrifying microbial community degrading alkylbenzenes and n-alkanes; the Azoarcus/Thauera group was found to be the major bacterial group. Bacteria affiliated with the ÃŽÂ µ-Proteobacteria were found to grow in petroleum-contaminated groundwater which accumulated at the bottom of underground crude-oil storage cavities. Microbial communities associated with anaerobic benzene degradation under Fe(III)-reducing conditions in a petroleumcontaminated subsurface aquifer were also analyzed by DGGE analysis, and it has been suggested that Fe(III)- reducing Geobacter spp. have an important role in the anaerobic oxidation of benzen e. The available electron acceptors are the principal determinants for the types of microorganisms that occur in anaerobic environments, and microbial populations identified in the above papers are considered important for petroleum hydrocarbon degradation in subsurface environments under the respective conditions. On the basis of these results, future developments in anaerobic hydrocarbon bioremediation are anticipated. It is noteworthy that phylotypes that are only distantly related to known genera are often detected as major members of the anaerobic communities, suggesting that parts of anaerobic hydrocarbon biodegradation processes remain unidentified. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degradation Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are compounds of intense public concern owing to their persistence in the environment and potentially deleterious effects on human health. A soil-derived microbial consortium capable of rapidly mineralizing benzo[a]pyrene was analyzed by DGGE profiling of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA fragments The analysis detected 16S rDNA sequence types that represented organisms closely related to known high molecular weight PAH-degrading bacteria (e.g. Burkholderias, Sphingomonas and Mycobacterium),although the degradation mechanisms have yet to be resolved. In soil environments, the reduced bioavailability of PAHs due to sorption to natural organic matter is an important factor controlling their biodegradation. Friedrich et al. reported that different phenanthrene-degrading bacteria occurred in soil enrichments when different sorptive matrices were present. It has also been shown that the application of surfactants to soil enrichments that degrade phenanthrene a nd hexadecane altered the microbial populations responsible for the degradation. These results have common implications for bioremediation; that is, nature harbors diverse microbial populations capable of pollutant degradation from which a few pollutant-degrading populations are selected according to bioremediation strategies. Metal bioremediation Because of its toxicity, metal contamination of the environment is also a serious problem. Recent studies have applied molecular tools to the analysis of bacterial and archaeal populations that are capable of surviving in metal-contaminated environments. Bacterial communities in soil amended for many years with sewage sludge that contained heavy metals were assessed using rRNA approaches, including FISH and cloning and sequencing. The study found that two sequence groups affiliated with the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were frequently obtained from clone libraries from the metal-contaminated soil, although most Actinobacteria sequences showed low similarity (

Pros and Cons of Social Networks Essay

I bet that if I go onto Facebook or Twitter right now, I could find almost every one of you on there. When someone says â€Å"social network,† the first site to come to your mind is Facebook, right? Facebook is now the most identifiable social network, and according to Facebook statistics it’s recently reached over 300 million active users. Combined worldwide, they all spend over six billion minutes online every day. I got most of my information about social networking from facts on file. A statistic from the Pew Internet Project’s research on social networking found that as of December 2012, 67% on online adults use social networking sites. The earlier social networks, such as Friendster. com and myspace. com, started in the early 2000’s, and since then they’ve become very popular and even more sites have emerged. There are many effects and uses for social networks, and many people have different opinions on them so today I’m going to share those with you. Let’s see what supporters admire about social networks. Supporters say that social media and networking sites have changed the way that we communicate for the better. see more:social networking and young generation They say that with all the different possibilities it’s much easier to keep in touch with family, friends, and colleagues. If someone was tired of emailing or simply chatting, they could use Skype, which is a software application that allows users to make voice or video calls over the Internet. Social networks can also provide a way for people to express themselves, through forums, Internet messaging boards, or by creating their own blogs that others can comment and post on too. Through social networks people can also make friends more easily by connecting with others who have similar interests. It’s become a daily habit for us to sign into our favorite social networks, so that whenever we get the chance to do so, it seems to relax us. A large and important impact of social networks, however, is its ability to raise awareness and keep everyone throughout the world informed. Reading about current events isn’t limited to the newspapers anymore, now news sites and social networks are constantly updating us with the latest information. We can learn about natural disasters that strike all over the world and learn what we can do here to help. If any of you are on Facebook, I’m sure you’ve seen popular pages posting pictures of someone’s sad life story, some asking for prayers and others asking for recognition for one’s actions or heartbreaking life. As you all know, when MaKayla passed away, her friends and family worked endlessly to gain the attention of her hero, LeBron James. Through Facebook and Twitter her memorial page has received almost 8,000 likes and grabbed the attention of Packers player, Clay Matthews. He helped to raise awareness by asking people to tweet to LeBron to obtain any sort of recognition from her hero. With everyone’s help from social networks in the end, that goal was accomplished. Seeming to be on the more old-fashioned side, government officials are even getting into the networking hype. They’re using them to help get ahead in the polls, connect with voters and find out their opinions as a mass. In 2011, President Barack Obama tweeted the following message, as seen on the smartboard. Included in this tweet was a short video with tributes from his 2008 supporters. Today, he still tweets asking for the public’s opinions on controversies and issues. These points make you think that social networks are all good; however, people who oppose them have quite different opinions. Opponents argue that social media and networking sites are ruining how we communicate and that it can only get worse as time goes on. The rise of social networks has also coincided with an erosion of the quality of conversation. MIT psychology professor Sherry Turkle says, â€Å"As we ramp up the volume and velocity of online connections, we start to expect faster answers. To get these, we ask one another simpler questions; we dumb down our communications, even on the most important matters. Comedian and commentator Dean Obeidallah writes for CNN saying that social media is turning Americans into â€Å"the laziest generation† yet. Companies and businesses are using social networks to advertise and promote themselves, so if you’re applying for a job with a company or business, they could check your own profile to see what you’ve been posting. If someone were to be tagged in some inappropriate pictures, companies might see them and it could ultimately cost you the job. Social networks can also be very dangerous. Con artists have been known to create scams via emails, and now they’re trying to take your money using social networks. Because social networks let you create your own profile, some people decide to put in fake information and photos. So you never really know if the person you’re talking to is real or not. Bullying now isn’t restricted to throwing hits and talking smack face-to-face. Networking sites have unfortunately made it much easier to tease others, and now cyber-bullying and harassment has become a major problem. An article from the periodical Educational Leadership has said that cyber-bullying is focused on students and teenagers, and that it can cause severe mental, emotional, and sometimes even physical pain. An anonymous 17 year old from New Jersey said, â€Å"When I was being cyberbullied I felt like I wanted to never go out of the house or talk to anyone ever again. It led me to depression, and the person who was bullying me †¦believed that it was funny. † Now that I’ve gone over all of my points, let’s review the pros and cons of social networks. Along with helping us make new friends, they can help us keep in touch and communicate with our family and friends. They are also very useful in connecting officials to the public and helping us learn about how we can help make a difference in charities or fundraising events. However, with the convenience of online chatting, real face-to-face conversations are eroding. With the anonymity of peoples’ identities, it can be dangerous to talk to strangers. As we’ve seen, there are both positive and negative effects of social networks on us, but depending on how we use them is how we allow them to impact our lives. With all of the advancements in technology, social networks will become more prominent in everyday lives. It’s still likely, in one form or another, that social networks will continue to grow and evolve.

UGA Acceptance Rate, SAT/ACT Scores, GPA

The University of Georgia is a public research university with an acceptance rate of 48%. Founded in 1785, UGA has the distinction of being the oldest state-chartered university in the U.S. With over  38,000 students, the University of Georgia is the largest school in Georgias university system. The universitys home of Athens is the quintessential college town, and UGAs attractive 615-acre campus features everything from historic buildings to contemporary high rises. For high-achieving students looking for the feel of a smaller liberal arts college, UGA has a strong Honors Program comprised of approximately 2,500 students. Honors Program students take smaller classes and have close interaction with the faculty. Student life at UGA is active with a wide range of clubs, activities, and organizations. On the athletic front, the Georgia Bulldogs compete in the NCAA Division I  Southeastern Conference  (SEC). Considering applying to UGA? Here are the admissions statistics you should know, including average SAT/ACT scores and GPAs of admitted students. Acceptance Rate During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, University of Georgia had an acceptance rate of 48%. This means that for every 100 students who applied, 48 students were admitted, making UGAs admissions process competitive. Admissions Statistics (2017-18) Number of Applicants 26,448 Percent Admitted 48% Percent Admitted Who Enrolled (Yield) 45% SAT Scores and Requirements The University of Georgia requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 69% of admitted students submitted SAT scores. SAT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile ERW 630 700 Math 610 710 ERW=Evidence-Based Reading and Writing This admissions data tells us that most of UGAs admitted students fall within the top 20% nationally on the SAT. For the evidence-based reading and writing section, 50% of students admitted to UGA scored between 630 and 700, while 25% scored below 630 and 25% scored above 700. On the math section, 50% of admitted students scored between 610 and 710, while 25% scored below 610 and 25% scored above 710. Applicants with a composite SAT score of 1410 or higher will have particularly competitive chances at University of Georgia. Requirements UGA does not require the SAT writing section. Note that the University of Georgia participates in the scorechoice program, which means that the admissions office will consider your highest score from each individual section across all SAT test dates. At UGA, SAT Subject tests are not required. ACT Scores and Requirements The University of Georgia requires that all applicants submit either SAT or ACT scores. During the 2017-18 admissions cycle, 67% of admitted students submitted ACT scores. ACT Range (Admitted Students) Section 25th Percentile 75th Percentile English 27 34 Math 26 30 Composite 27 32 This admissions data tells us that most of UGAs admitted students fall within the top 14% nationally on the ACT. The middle 50% of students admitted to the University of Georgia received a composite ACT score between 27 and 32, while 25% scored above 32 and 25% scored below 27. Requirements UGA does not require the ACT writing section. Unlike many universities, UGA superscores ACT results; your highest subscores from multiple ACT sittings will be considered. GPA In 2018, the middle 50% of University of Georgias incoming freshman class had high school GPAs between 3.97 and 4.21. 25% had a GPA above 4.21 and 25% had a GPA below 3.97. These results suggest that most successful applicants to the University of Georgia have primarily A grades. Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph University of Georgia Applicants Self-Reported GPA/SAT/ACT Graph. Data courtesy of Cappex. The admissions data in the graph is self-reported by applicants to University of Georgia. GPAs are unweighted. Find out how you compare to accepted students, see the real-time graph, and  calculate your chances of getting in  with a free Cappex account. Admissions Chances The  University of Georgia is a selective public university where fewer than half of applicants are accepted. The primary criteria for admission is high grades and a rigorous course schedule. Required high school coursework includes four years of English, Math, and Science, three years of social studies, and two years of the same foreign language. After GPA and a challenging high school curriculum, the next most important admission criteria at UGA is standardized test scores. In the graph above, the blue and green dots represent accepted students. The majority of students who got in had a high school GPA of 3.5 or higher, SAT scores (ERWM) of 1050 or higher, and ACT composite scores of 21 or better. The higher those numbers are, the more likely a student is to be accepted. All admissions data has been sourced from the National Center for Education Statistics and University of Georgia Undergraduate Admissions Office.

Wakai in Translation

The Japanese word wakai, pronounced wah-kai, means young, younger, inexperienced, immature, or green. Japanese Characters è‹ ¥Ã£ â€ž (ã‚ Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€ž) Example Miki wa itsu mitemo wakai. Miki always looks young. Chikagoro no wakai mono wa nani o kangaeteiru no ka wakaranai. I cant tell what young people these days are thinking. Notes Wakai is a Japanese adjective. Learn more about Japanese adjectives.